Civic nationalism, also known as liberal nationalism, is a form of nationalism that is identified by political philosophers who believe in a non-xenophobic form of nationalism compatible with liberal values of freedom, tolerance, equality, and individual rights. This political ideology is based on the principle that the nation is defined by a shared set of political values and beliefs, rather than by race, religion, language, or ethnicity. It emphasizes the commitment to universalistic values, civil rights, and the rule of law, which are supposed to be the foundation of every modern democratic state.
The history of civic nationalism is intertwined with the development of modern states. It emerged in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, during the development of the modern liberal state. The French and American revolutions were significant events that shaped the ideology of civic nationalism. The American Revolution, for instance, was based on the principles of liberty, equality, and democracy, which are the core values of civic nationalism. The French Revolution, with its emphasis on "liberty, equality, fraternity," also contributed to the development of this ideology.
In the 19th century, civic nationalism became a significant force in Europe, particularly in countries that were striving to create a unified national identity. For example, the Italian and German unification movements were largely based on the principles of civic nationalism. These movements aimed to unite diverse regions and peoples under a single national government, based on shared political values and institutions.
In the 20th century, civic nationalism continued to influence political developments around the world. It played a crucial role in the decolonization movements in Africa and Asia, where newly independent countries sought to build national identities based on shared political values, rather than ethnic or religious homogeneity.
In the contemporary world, civic nationalism remains a significant political force. It is often contrasted with ethnic nationalism, which defines the nation in terms of ethnicity, race, or religion. While ethnic nationalism can lead to exclusion and conflict, civic nationalism is seen as a more inclusive and tolerant form of nationalism, which can accommodate diversity within a shared political framework. However, like all political ideologies, civic nationalism can also be subject to misuse and can be used to justify exclusionary policies and practices.
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